行为改变模型

- 中文名
- 行为改变模型
- 英文名
- Behavior Change Models / Behaviour Change Models
- 代表模型
- 跨理论模型(Transtheoretical Model, TTM)
- 提出者
- James O. Prochaska、Carlo C. DiClemente 等
- 提出年份
- 1982 年(TTM 首次系统发表)
- 核心阶段
- 前意向、意向、准备、行动、维持
- 应用领域
- 健康促进、成瘾戒断、运动与体重管理、治疗依从性
行为改变模型(Behavior Change Models)是一类描述个体如何从无意图状态逐步走向并维持某一目标行为的理论框架,其中跨理论模型(Transtheoretical Model, TTM)是最常被引用的代表,由 Prochaska 与 DiClemente 等人在 20 世纪 80 年代初系统提出。11Table 2 Four decades of behavioral change science | npj Cardiovascular Healthnature.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|22A Stage Approach to Enhancing Adherence to Treatmentonlinelibrary.wiley.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
跨理论模型把行为改变划分为前意向(precontemplation)、意向(contemplation)、准备(preparation)、行动(action)与维持(maintenance)五个阶段,并主张干预措施应与个体所处阶段相匹配。22A Stage Approach to Enhancing Adherence to Treatmentonlinelibrary.wiley.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|33Applying theories of health behaviour and change to hearing health research: Time for a new approachtandfonline.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
行为改变模型被广泛用于健康行为干预的设计与评估,例如运动习惯建立、戒烟、体重管理与治疗依从性提升;美国预防服务工作组(USPSTF)在行为咨询干预的证据综述中,将跨理论模型等列为最常被引用的行为改变模型之一。44Behavioral Counseling Interventions: An Evidence-based Approach - Table 2uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|55Multimedia Appendix 3: Overview of theoretical frameworks and specific applications to chatbots and diabetespmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
定义与基本思想
阶段而非二分
行为改变模型(跨理论模型,Transtheoretical Model, TTM)由 Prochaska 与 DiClemente 在 20 世纪 80 年代初提出,其核心主张之一是:行为改变不是「有」或「无」的二分状态,而是一个由若干阶段构成的连续过程;个体在任一时刻处于某一阶段,而非简单地被归为「已改变」或「未改变」。66Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of changedoi.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在 TTM 的经典表述中,戒烟等健康行为改变被刻画为前意向期、意向期、准备期、行动期与维持期五个阶段;「阶段而非二分」这一命题正是相对于传统干预研究把样本分为「吸烟者/戒烟者」或「干预组/对照组」的二分做法提出的,强调处于不同阶段的个体需要不同的干预策略。66Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of changedoi.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|77In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviorsdoi.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
Prochaska 与 DiClemente 在 1983 年的论文中报告,其阶段划分来自对戒烟者自我报告改变过程的经验归纳,而非先验的理论设定;他们发现不同阶段对应不同的「改变过程」使用模式,这为「阶段而非二分」提供了实证依据。66Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of changedoi.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
「阶段而非二分」的基本思想还包含一层含义:处于前意向期的个体在短期内并不打算改变,若将其与已准备行动者混同处理,干预效果会被稀释;因此阶段匹配(stage-matched)干预被视为比「一刀切」干预更符合行为改变的实际形态。88The transtheoretical model of health behavior changedoi.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
与连续变量模型的区别
连续变量模型把行为改变理解为个体在某个(或某组)连续心理变量上的位置差异:风险感知、意图、自我效能、结果预期等变量取值越高,行为发生的概率越大;干预的效果体现为这些变量均值或分布的整体移动,而不是个体跨越离散类别。99Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (4th ed.)wiley.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1010The Health Belief Model and Personal Health Behaviorjournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
连续变量模型的典型代表包括健康信念模型、保护动机理论、计划行为理论以及整合性行为模型;这些模型通常以结构方程或回归系数刻画变量间路径,用 R²、路径显著性等连续指标评价解释力,而不设定阶段边界。99Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (4th ed.)wiley.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1111The theory of planned behaviorsciencedirect.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
跨理论模型则把改变刻画为前意向、意向、准备、行动、维持等离散阶段的序列,并假定不同阶段的主导改变过程不同;因此其核心预测是阶段间的非线性跃迁与阶段匹配的干预效果,而非单一连续得分的高低。1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1313In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviorspsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
两类模型在干预设计上的推论不同:连续变量模型倾向于对全体目标人群施加同一套基于显著预测变量的干预,按变量得分高低做剂量调整;跨理论模型则主张先评估阶段,再为不同阶段匹配不同的改变过程与干预内容。1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在测量层面,连续变量模型通常用 Likert 量表连续计分并检验内部一致性与因子结构;跨理论模型除连续量表外还需阶段算法或阶段问卷把个体分入离散类别,因而额外引入分类信度与阶段误分类问题。1313In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviorspsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1515Stages of change: A critiqueonlinelibrary.wiley.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
有方法学评论指出,阶段模型与连续变量模型并非互斥:阶段可视为连续变量空间中的阈值划分,若阶段间差异不能显著优于连续模型,则引入阶段并无额外解释力;这一批评推动了两类模型的整合尝试。1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1616Time for a change: Putting the Transtheoretical (Stages of Change) Model to restonlinelibrary.wiley.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
实证上,跨理论模型的阶段效应量常被报告为小到中等,且部分系统综述发现按阶段匹配的干预相对非匹配干预的优势不稳定;这被一些作者用作连续变量模型更简约的论据,但结论受干预质量与阶段测量方式影响。1515Stages of change: A critiqueonlinelibrary.wiley.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1717A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of stage-based interventionssciencedirect.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
对立说法另有综述与元分析认为,阶段匹配干预在戒烟、身体活动等领域相对统一干预具有可检测的额外效果,支持阶段划分的实用价值。19
跨理论模型的五个阶段
前意向
跨理论模型(trans theoretical model,TTM)又称行为分阶段转变模型,是基于多种理论、系统研究个体行为转变的理论;它依据个体行为改变的意愿及时间,将行为改变划分为前意向阶段、意向阶段、准备阶段、行动阶段和维持阶段五个阶段。1818基于跨理论模型的营养指导对低危早产儿钙质状况的影响-福建医药杂志2018年01期-手机知网wap.cnki.net前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
前意向阶段(precontemplation)是跨理论模型五阶段中的第一个阶段,指个体在可预见的未来(通常以6个月为界)尚无改变行为的打算;处于该阶段的人往往尚未意识到自身行为存在问题,或虽意识到但认为不值得改变。1818基于跨理论模型的营养指导对低危早产儿钙质状况的影响-福建医药杂志2018年01期-手机知网wap.cnki.net前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
意向
跨理论模型(trans theoretical model,TTM)又称行为分阶段转变模型,是基于多种理论、系统研究个体行为转变的理论;它依据个体行为改变的意愿及时间,将行为改变划分为前意向阶段、意向阶段、准备阶段、行动阶段和维持阶段五个阶段。1818基于跨理论模型的营养指导对低危早产儿钙质状况的影响-福建医药杂志2018年01期-手机知网wap.cnki.net前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在意向阶段,个体已经意识到自身行为存在问题,并打算在可预见的未来(跨理论模型通常界定为未来6个月内)采取行动,但尚未作出明确承诺、也未形成具体行动计划;该阶段在中文文献中也被译作“沉思阶段”或“意图阶段”。1818基于跨理论模型的营养指导对低危早产儿钙质状况的影响-福建医药杂志2018年01期-手机知网wap.cnki.net前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
准备
在跨理论模型(Transtheoretical Model,TTM)中,准备(Preparation)是继前意向(Precontemplation)、意向(Contemplation)之后的第三个改变阶段,通常被界定为个体打算在近期(一般指未来30天内)采取行动,并且已经迈出一些初步的、可观察的步骤。1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
准备阶段的典型时间窗口是未来30天:Prochaska与DiClemente等人在阐述TTM时,将“打算在未来30天内行动”作为准备阶段的核心时间标准,并常与意向阶段(打算在6个月内行动)相区分。1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
准备阶段区别于意向阶段的关键特征在于“行为意图加初步行动”:个体不仅打算改变,而且可能已经采取了一些小步骤,例如减少某种不健康行为的频率、咨询相关信息或制定计划。1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在准备阶段,改变过程(processes of change)的使用频率通常高于前意向和意向阶段,尤其是自我解放(self-liberation)和帮助关系(helping relationships)等过程开始被更多采用。1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1919Transtheoretical model of behavior changencbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
决策平衡(decisional balance)在准备阶段通常表现为改变的好处(pros)开始超过坏处(cons),这一转变被视为从意向迈向准备的重要标志之一。1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1919Transtheoretical model of behavior changencbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
针对准备阶段的干预通常强调制定具体行动计划、设定行动开始日期、识别并应对潜在障碍,以及寻求社会支持,以帮助个体顺利过渡到行动阶段。1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
准备阶段在TTM中被视为一个过渡性阶段,个体在此阶段停留时间相对较短,干预的重点是促进行动计划的落实,而非仅仅增强改变动机。1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
有研究指出,准备阶段的界定标准(如30天窗口与初步行动的具体内容)在不同实证研究中存在操作化差异,部分研究将“过去一年内已采取行动但未达到行动标准”也归入准备阶段,这影响了阶段划分的一致性。2020The transtheoretical model of health behavior change: a systematic review of the evidenceacademic.oup.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
对立说法另一些研究者主张维持Prochaska等人最初提出的30天意图标准,认为将“过去一年内行动”纳入准备阶段会模糊准备与行动之间的界限,降低阶段模型的区分效度。1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
行动
在跨理论模型(Transtheoretical Model,TTM)中,行动(Action)是继前 contemplation、准备之后的第四个阶段,通常被界定为个体在过去6个月内已经做出明确的行为改变,并达到某一既定行为标准。1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|2121Stages of change and decisional balance for 12 problem behaviorsdoi.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
行动阶段的典型时间窗口为6个月:个体在此期内持续执行新的行为,但尚未满足维持阶段所要求的6个月以上持续标准;6个月这一分界是TTM阶段划分中最常被引用的操作化阈值。1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|2121Stages of change and decisional balance for 12 problem behaviorsdoi.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
行动阶段的核心任务是巩固自我效能感与诱因应对能力,以降低复发风险;Prochaska与DiClemente在早期论述中即指出,行动阶段个体面临最高的复发风险,需要持续使用行为过程(如反条件化、刺激控制、强化管理)而非仅依赖意识提升。1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|77In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviorsdoi.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在TTM的螺旋式变化模型中,行动阶段并非单向通过:个体可能退回准备或 contemplation 阶段,随后再次进入行动,因此阶段被描述为循环而非线性。1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|77In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviorsdoi.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
行动阶段的判定依赖对行为标准的明确操作化定义(如戒烟需达到完全戒断、运动需达到特定频率与时长),不同研究采用的标准差异会影响阶段归类与干预效果估计。2121Stages of change and decisional balance for 12 problem behaviorsdoi.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|88The transtheoretical model of health behavior changedoi.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
维持
维持(maintenance)是跨理论模型(Transtheoretical Model, TTM)五阶段中的第五阶段,指个体已经保持目标行为改变达到相当长的时间,并正在努力防止复发;在普罗查斯卡与迪克莱门特的原始表述中,维持阶段被界定为从行为改变开始持续六个月以上。1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
跨理论模型把维持阶段与行动阶段区分开来的核心依据是复发风险:行动阶段(0—6个月)个体仍在积极调整行为并面临较高的复发可能,而进入维持阶段后行为已相对稳定,个体的任务从“做出改变”转向“巩固改变、防止倒退”。1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|2323Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of changepsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在维持阶段,改变过程的使用重心转向行为过程,尤其是反条件化(用替代行为取代问题行为)、刺激控制(移除诱发问题行为的线索、增加支持新行为的线索)、强化管理(用自我奖励或外部奖励巩固新行为)以及帮助性关系(寻求社会支持);而意识觉醒、情感唤起等体验过程的使用频率相对下降。1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
维持阶段的自我效能感(尤其是抵制复发情境的自信)通常高于行动阶段,而诱惑(temptation)水平较低;这两项指标在跨理论模型中被用作判断个体是否稳定处于维持阶段的重要标志。1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|2424The transtheoretical model of behavior change: a meta-analysis of applications to physical activity and exerciseacademic.oup.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
跨理论模型并不把复发视为失败或阶段序列的终点,而是将其视为阶段循环中的常见事件:个体可能从维持或行动阶段退回先前的阶段,随后再次向前推进;因此维持阶段被理解为需要持续投入的动态过程,而非一次性达成的静态终点。1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|2323Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of changepsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在健康行为干预中,针对维持阶段的干预设计通常强调延续性支持,例如定期随访、复发预防技能训练、同伴支持与自助团体,以及环境层面的线索管理,而不是在行为达标后立即终止干预。2323Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of changepsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|2525Changing for Good: A Revolutionary Six-Stage Program for Overcoming Bad Habits and Moving Your Life Positively Forwardharpercollins.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
普罗查斯卡与迪克莱门特在1983年发表的论文中系统提出了跨理论模型及其阶段划分,该文成为后续维持阶段操作化定义的常用引用来源。1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
有研究者指出,以“六个月”作为行动与维持阶段的分界带有一定任意性,不同行为(如戒烟、规律运动、饮食改变)达到稳定所需的时间可能差异很大,因此部分后续研究对固定时间阈值提出调整或质疑。2424The transtheoretical model of behavior change: a meta-analysis of applications to physical activity and exerciseacademic.oup.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|2626Time for a change: rethinking the stages of change modelonlinelibrary.wiley.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
对立说法跨理论模型的提出者及多数应用研究仍坚持六个月分界具有临床与操作上的实用性,认为统一阈值便于跨行为比较和干预分期,不应因个体差异而放弃。1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
维持阶段常被误认为“行为已自动化、无需干预”,但跨理论模型文献强调该阶段个体仍需持续使用自我管理策略,否则复发风险依然存在。2323Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of changepsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|2525Changing for Good: A Revolutionary Six-Stage Program for Overcoming Bad Habits and Moving Your Life Positively Forwardharpercollins.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
复发
在跨理论模型中,复发(relapse)被定义为个体从行动阶段或维持阶段退回到更早阶段的过程,即已经建立的行为改变出现中断并回退到前意向、意向或准备阶段。2727Stages of change model | Right Decisionsadmin.rightdecisions.scot.nhs.uk前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
复发并不被视为行为改变努力的终点或失败,而是被模型纳入为改变过程中的常见环节;个体在复发后通常会重新进入改变循环,再次经历各阶段,这一往复过程被称为再循环(recycling)。2828行为改变的跨理论模型 | Bohriumscipedia.bohrium.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
行动阶段与维持阶段以约六个月为经验分界:行动阶段是改变后风险较高、动态变化的前六个月,维持阶段则是行为改变持续六个月以上、复发风险显著降低并趋于稳定的时期,因此维持阶段的核心任务从发起改变转为巩固成果、防止复发。2828行为改变的跨理论模型 | Bohriumscipedia.bohrium.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
改变过程与决定因素
认知—体验过程
在跨理论模型(Transtheoretical Model,TTM)中,改变过程(processes of change)被划分为两大类:认知—体验过程(cognitive-experiential processes)与行为过程(behavioral processes)。前者是个体在改变早期阶段主要依赖的内部体验与认知活动,后者则更多体现为外显的行为策略。2929The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
认知—体验过程通常包括五个具体过程:意识唤醒(consciousness raising)、情感唤起(dramatic relief / emotional arousal)、环境再评价(environmental reevaluation)、自我再评价(self-reevaluation)以及社会解放(social liberation)。2929The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
意识唤醒指个体主动寻求关于自身问题行为及其替代方案的信息、事实与建议,以提高对行为后果的认知。在跨理论模型中,这一过程在意图形成阶段(前 contemplation 与 contemplation 阶段)使用频率最高,并随阶段推进而下降。2929The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
情感唤起指个体体验并表达与问题行为相关的负性情绪(如恐惧、焦虑、内疚)以及改变后可能带来的正性情绪,从而增强改变动机。该过程在早期阶段较为突出,常通过警示性信息、角色扮演或媒体宣传等方式激发。2929The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
环境再评价指个体评估自身问题行为对周围物理环境与社会环境(如家人、朋友、同事)造成的影响,以及改变行为后这些影响将如何改善。该过程强调对他人和环境的关切,在 contemplation 与 preparation 阶段使用较多。2929The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
自我再评价指个体对自身问题行为进行认知与情感层面的自我评估,比较改变前后自我形象与自我价值感的变化,从而强化改变的理由。该过程在 contemplation 与 preparation 阶段尤为关键,常通过价值澄清、健康角色模型和意象技术来促进。2929The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
社会解放指个体认识到社会规范与政策环境正在支持健康行为改变,从而获得改变的社会机会与赋权感。该过程关注外部社会条件对个体改变的促进作用,在早期阶段可增强改变意愿。2929The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
跨理论模型提出,认知—体验过程在改变的前几个阶段(前 contemplation、contemplation、preparation)使用频率较高,而行为过程在行动与维持阶段更为突出;这一阶段匹配假设是该模型的核心命题之一。2929The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
决定因素(decisional balance)指个体对改变行为的收益(pros)与代价(cons)进行权衡。跨理论模型认为,在早期阶段代价常高于收益,随着阶段推进收益逐渐超过代价,这一权衡模式与认知—体验过程的使用相互关联。2929The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
行为过程
在跨理论模型(Transtheoretical Model,TTM)中,改变过程(processes of change)被划分为两大类:认知过程(cognitive processes,也称经验过程,experiential processes)与行为过程(behavioral processes)。行为过程主要作用于改变的后段阶段,即准备期、行动期与维持期,是个体为改变行为而实际采取的外显行动与策略。2929The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|3030The transtheoretical model of health behavior changepubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
跨理论模型的行为过程通常包含五个子过程:反条件化(counterconditioning)、环境控制/刺激控制(stimulus control)、自我解放(self-liberation)、社会解放(social liberation)以及强化管理(reinforcement management,又称权变管理,contingency management)。2929The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|3131In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviorspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
反条件化指用更健康的行为替代问题行为,例如用散步替代吸烟、用低热量零食替代高热量零食;它强调学习新的替代性反应来削弱原有行为线索与行为之间的联结。2929The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|3030The transtheoretical model of health behavior changepubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
刺激控制(环境控制)指移除或避免诱发问题行为的线索、增加支持健康行为的线索,例如家中不存放香烟、把运动鞋放在显眼处;其理论依据来自经典条件作用与操作条件作用中关于线索—行为联结的论述。2929The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|3131In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviorspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
自我解放指个体相信自身能够改变,并公开做出改变承诺或采取行动,例如公开宣布戒烟决定、设定具体戒烟日期;它被视为连接准备期与行动期的关键行为过程。2929The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|3030The transtheoretical model of health behavior changepubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
社会解放指利用社会机会或政策环境支持行为改变,例如利用公共场所禁烟政策、无烟工作场所规定来帮助个体减少吸烟;它把行为改变从个体层面扩展到社会与政策层面。2929The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|3131In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviorspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
强化管理指对健康行为给予奖励、对问题行为减少奖励或施加惩罚,以增加健康行为出现的概率;其操作化形式包括自我奖励、契约管理与权变管理方案。2929The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|3030The transtheoretical model of health behavior changepubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
跨理论模型认为,行为过程在行动期与维持期使用频率最高,而认知过程在意图形成的前段阶段(前意图期、意图期)更为重要;这一阶段—过程匹配是该模型用于干预设计的基本假设之一。2929The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|3131In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviorspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在跨理论模型的实证研究中,行为过程与认知过程常被合并为改变过程量表进行测量,量表条目通常要求被试报告过去一周或一个月内使用各策略的频率,并以各子过程得分刻画个体所处的改变进程。3030The transtheoretical model of health behavior changepubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|3232Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of changepubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
决定因素(decisional balance)是跨理论模型中与改变过程并列的另一核心构念,指个体对改变行为所得收益(pros)与所付代价(cons)的权衡;研究通常发现,行为改变前段阶段代价感知高于收益,进入行动期后收益感知逐渐超过代价。2929The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|3232Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of changepubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
自我效能(self-efficacy)是跨理论模型的第三个核心构念,指个体在不同高诱惑情境下坚持不复发、完成行为改变的信心;它与行为过程的使用及维持期表现正相关,是预测复发的重要变量。2929The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|3131In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviorspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
自我效能与决策平衡
在跨理论模型(Transtheoretical Model, TTM)中,自我效能(self-efficacy)被操作化为个体在不同诱惑情境下坚持不复发、保持目标行为的信心程度,通常与“诱惑”(temptations)量表配对测量,构成该模型的核心决定因素之一。1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
跨理论模型的自我效能测量通常区分三类高诱惑情境:负性情绪/情绪困扰、正面社交/社交场合、以及渴求/冲动(craving),不同情境下的效能水平对阶段推进的预测力不同。1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|2525Changing for Good: A Revolutionary Six-Stage Program for Overcoming Bad Habits and Moving Your Life Positively Forwardharpercollins.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
决策平衡(decisional balance)指个体对改变行为的“利”(pros)与“弊”(cons)的相对权衡,是跨理论模型解释阶段转换的另一核心决定因素;其测量通常采用 pros 与 cons 两个分量表。1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|3333Decisional balance measure for assessing and predicting smoking statuspsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
跨理论模型的一个核心经验概括是:行为改变过程中,pros(益处)在早期阶段(前意向、意向)上升明显,而 cons(代价)在后期阶段(行动、维持)下降;两者在阶段间的交叉模式被用来解释决策平衡随阶段变化的规律。1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|3434The transtheoretical model of behavior change: a meta-analysis of applications to physical activity and exerciseacademic.oup.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在跨理论模型的框架下,自我效能随阶段推进总体呈上升趋势,通常从意向期到行动期、维持期逐步提高,并在维持期达到较高水平;这一上升趋势在戒烟、锻炼、饮食等多个行为领域被重复观察到。1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|3535Self-efficacy and the stages of exercise behavior changetandfonline.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
决策平衡的 pros 与 cons 在阶段间的相对权重存在行为领域差异:例如在戒烟中,cons 在行动期后明显下降;而在锻炼行为中,pros 的上升往往更为突出。这种差异提示决策平衡并非跨行为的固定模式。3434The transtheoretical model of behavior change: a meta-analysis of applications to physical activity and exerciseacademic.oup.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|3636Decisional balance and the stages of change for exercise behaviorjournals.humankinetics.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
自我效能与决策平衡在跨理论模型中被视为“改变过程”之外的决定因素,二者共同解释阶段转换的机制:自我效能反映执行改变的信心,决策平衡反映改变动机的权衡结构。1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|3333Decisional balance measure for assessing and predicting smoking statuspsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
有研究指出,跨理论模型中自我效能与决策平衡的测量在不同行为领域和不同人群中存在结构效度差异,部分研究未能完全复现 pros/cons 交叉模式,提示这两个构念的测量等价性需要逐领域检验。3737The transtheoretical model: a critical overviewpsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|3838A critical review of the transtheoretical model of behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
对立说法另一些研究认为,pros/cons 交叉模式在多个行为领域(如戒烟、锻炼)中具有较好的可重复性,测量差异主要来自样本与量表版本,而非构念本身失效。3434The transtheoretical model of behavior change: a meta-analysis of applications to physical activity and exerciseacademic.oup.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|3636Decisional balance and the stages of change for exercise behaviorjournals.humankinetics.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在健康行为干预中,针对自我效能与决策平衡的干预策略通常包括:提升对行为益处的认知(pros)、减少感知障碍(cons)、以及通过成功体验与替代经验增强效能感;这些策略常与改变过程(如意识唤醒、自我再评价)配合使用。2525Changing for Good: A Revolutionary Six-Stage Program for Overcoming Bad Habits and Moving Your Life Positively Forwardharpercollins.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|3939Transtheoretical model-based interventions for health behavior change: a systematic reviewsciencedirect.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
历史演进
戒烟研究中的起源
跨理论模型(Transtheoretical Model,TTM)的起源可追溯到 20 世纪 80 年代初对戒烟行为的系统研究:Prochaska 与 DiClemente 在比较多种心理治疗体系时发现,不同疗法虽理论取向各异,但其所描述的改变过程高度重叠,遂转向以“改变阶段”而非“疗法流派”来组织戒烟研究。4141Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph / Surgeon General's Report 相关章节(OCR 文本)collections.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在 TTM 提出之前,戒烟研究长期以“点事件”方式处理戒烟——把吸烟者二分为吸烟者与戒烟者,或只比较干预组与对照组的戒烟率;这种横断面二分法无法刻画戒烟前反复尝试、犹豫与复吸的过程,是阶段模型出现的方法论动因。4141Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph / Surgeon General's Report 相关章节(OCR 文本)collections.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
1983 年,Prochaska 与 DiClemente 在《Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology》发表《Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: toward an integrative model of change》,基于对自行戒烟者与接受治疗戒烟者的比较,提出戒烟经历前 contemplation、contemplation、action、maintenance 等阶段,被视为 TTM 的奠基文献。4141Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph / Surgeon General's Report 相关章节(OCR 文本)collections.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
TTM 的早期经验基础来自“自我改变”(self-change)研究传统:Prochaska 与 DiClemente 发现大量成功戒烟者并未接受任何正式治疗,而是自行完成戒烟,这一现象促使他们把研究焦点从“治疗是否有效”转向“改变如何自然发生”,并据此把“无意图阶段”也纳入模型。4141Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph / Surgeon General's Report 相关章节(OCR 文本)collections.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在 TTM 形成期,健康信念模型(Health Belief Model)是戒烟研究中的主流期望—价值取向框架,它把戒烟尝试解释为对吸烟健康后果的信念、对可降低风险行动的知觉以及对行动代价与收益的权衡三者的函数;TTM 的阶段划分正是对这类静态期望—价值模型解释力不足的回应。4141Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph / Surgeon General's Report 相关章节(OCR 文本)collections.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
20 世纪 80 年代中期起,Prochaska、DiClemente 与 Velicer 等人把戒烟阶段研究扩展为跨理论框架:他们系统梳理了来自不同心理治疗流派的改变过程(如意识觉醒、情感唤起、自我再评价、刺激控制等),并将其映射到不同阶段,使 TTM 从戒烟模型升级为一般性行为改变模型。4141Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph / Surgeon General's Report 相关章节(OCR 文本)collections.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
1982 年系统发表
跨理论模型(Transtheoretical Model,TTM)由 Prochaska 与 DiClemente 于 1982 年系统发表,其核心主张是:朝向改变的有理由行动受意图与态度影响,而言语方法(意识唤醒、情绪宣泄、抉择)与行为疗法(条件刺激、相倚控制)可以促成认知重构。11Table 2 Four decades of behavioral change science | npj Cardiovascular Healthnature.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
后续扩展与修订
跨理论模型(Transtheoretical Model)由 Prochaska、DiClemente 等人在 20 世纪 80 年代初提出,其早期形态以阶段划分与改变过程为核心,被后续文献视为行为改变科学第一代理论向第二代过渡时期的代表性成果之一。11Table 2 Four decades of behavioral change science | npj Cardiovascular Healthnature.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
按 Sharma 等人在 2024 年综述中的代际划分,行为改变理论经历了四代演进:第一代以信息传递、提高认识和知识普及为主;第二代转向技能培养与意识提升;第三代以 20 世纪 90 年代兴起的循证技术为标志,代表理论包括计划行为理论和社会认知理论;第四代则整合多种理论的成分,借助技术手段实施精准干预,并强调针对特定行为的改变。4242<article-title>Mini review: possible role of the multi-theory model of health behavior change in designing substance use prevention and treatment interventions</article-title> </title-group> <contrib-group> <contrib contrib-type="author"> <name> <surname>Sharma</surname> <given-names>Manoj</given-names> </name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/supervision/"/> </contrib> <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"> <name> <surname>Awan</surname> <given-names>Asma</given-names> </name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c001"><sup>*</sup></xref> <uri xlink:href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2393413/overview"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/data-curation/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/investigation/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/resources/"/> </contrib> <contrib contrib-type="author"> <name> <surname>Kapukotuwa</surname> <given-names>Sidath</given-names> </name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <uri xlink:href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/652606/overview"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/data-curation/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/investigation/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/resources/"/> </contrib> </contrib-group> <aff id="aff1"><sup>1</sup><institution>Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas</institution>, <addr-line>Las Vegas, NV</addr-line>, <country>United States</country></aff> <aff id="aff2"><sup>2</sup><institution>Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV</institution>, <addr-line>Las Vegas, NV</addr-line>, <country>United States</country></aff> <author-notes> <fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn0001"> <p>Edited by: Mark Servis, University of California, Davis, United States</p> </fn> <fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn0002"> <p>Reviewed by: Hanieh Jormand, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran</p> </fn> <corresp id="c001">*Correspondence: Asma Awan, <email>asma.awan@unlv.edu</email></corresp> </author-notes> <pub-date pub-type="epub"> <day>01</day> <month>03</month> <year>2024</year> </pub-date> <pub-date pub-type="collection"> <year>2024</year> </pub-date> <volume>12</volume> <elocation-id>1298614</elocation-id> <history> <date date-type="received"> <day>26</day> <month>12</month> <year>2023</year> </date> <date date-type="accepted"> <day>20</day> <month>02</month> <year>2024</year> </date> </history> <permissions> <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2024 Sharma, Awan and Kapukotuwa.</copyright-statement> <copyright-year>2024</copyright-year> <copyright-holder>Sharma, Awan and Kapukotuwa</copyright-holder> <license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"> <p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.</p> </license> </permissions> <abstract> <p>Many behavior change theories have evolved over time. Originally, the first conceptions prioritized interventions based on information, such as raising awareness and transferring knowledge. Second-generation theories prioritize the development of skills and the promotion of awareness. The emergence of evidence-based techniques in the 1990s gave rise to third-generation theories such as the Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Cognitive Theory. Presently, fourth-generation trends amalgamate various components from multiple theories to implement accurate treatments, employing technology and emphasizing targeted behavior change. This paper aims to do a concise evaluation of the multi-theory model (MTM) of health behavior change interventions in the context of planning substance use prevention and treatment. The current area of intervention programs aimed at preventing and treating substance use may benefit from MTM, an innovative fourth-generation behavior change model. Tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs have all been the subjects of experimental, cross-sectional, and qualitative research. We have presented that additional research is required to compare MTM with knowledge-based therapies or interventions grounded in other theories. A gold standard would be the randomized controlled trials and behavioral change interventions particularly useful for this purpose. In addition, research evaluating the interventions’ efficacy must be carefully planned and executed.</p> </abstract> <kwd-group> <kwd>multi-theory model</kwd> <kwd>innovative</kwd> <kwd>initiation</kwd> <kwd>sustenance</kwd> <kwd>fourth-generation</kwd> <kwd>behavior</kwd> </kwd-group> <counts> <fig-count count="1"/> <table-count count="3"/> <equation-count count="0"/> <ref-count count="37"/> <page-count count="5"/> <word-count count="3390"/> </counts> <custom-meta-wrap> <custom-meta> <meta-name>section-at-acceptance</meta-name> <meta-value>Public Health Education and Promotion</meta-value> </custom-meta> </custom-meta-wrap> </article-meta> </front> <body> <sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1"> <label>1</label> <title>Introductionpublic-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在第四代行为改变模型的语境下,多理论模型(Multi-Theory Model, MTM)被提出作为整合多种理论成分的新框架,其结构把行为改变区分为「启动」(initiation)与「维持」(sustenance)两个前后相继的阶段,并已在烟草、酒精及其他药物使用相关干预研究中得到应用。4242<article-title>Mini review: possible role of the multi-theory model of health behavior change in designing substance use prevention and treatment interventions</article-title> </title-group> <contrib-group> <contrib contrib-type="author"> <name> <surname>Sharma</surname> <given-names>Manoj</given-names> </name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/supervision/"/> </contrib> <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"> <name> <surname>Awan</surname> <given-names>Asma</given-names> </name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c001"><sup>*</sup></xref> <uri xlink:href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2393413/overview"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/data-curation/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/investigation/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/resources/"/> </contrib> <contrib contrib-type="author"> <name> <surname>Kapukotuwa</surname> <given-names>Sidath</given-names> </name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <uri xlink:href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/652606/overview"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/data-curation/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/investigation/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/resources/"/> </contrib> </contrib-group> <aff id="aff1"><sup>1</sup><institution>Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas</institution>, <addr-line>Las Vegas, NV</addr-line>, <country>United States</country></aff> <aff id="aff2"><sup>2</sup><institution>Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV</institution>, <addr-line>Las Vegas, NV</addr-line>, <country>United States</country></aff> <author-notes> <fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn0001"> <p>Edited by: Mark Servis, University of California, Davis, United States</p> </fn> <fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn0002"> <p>Reviewed by: Hanieh Jormand, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran</p> </fn> <corresp id="c001">*Correspondence: Asma Awan, <email>asma.awan@unlv.edu</email></corresp> </author-notes> <pub-date pub-type="epub"> <day>01</day> <month>03</month> <year>2024</year> </pub-date> <pub-date pub-type="collection"> <year>2024</year> </pub-date> <volume>12</volume> <elocation-id>1298614</elocation-id> <history> <date date-type="received"> <day>26</day> <month>12</month> <year>2023</year> </date> <date date-type="accepted"> <day>20</day> <month>02</month> <year>2024</year> </date> </history> <permissions> <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2024 Sharma, Awan and Kapukotuwa.</copyright-statement> <copyright-year>2024</copyright-year> <copyright-holder>Sharma, Awan and Kapukotuwa</copyright-holder> <license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"> <p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.</p> </license> </permissions> <abstract> <p>Many behavior change theories have evolved over time. Originally, the first conceptions prioritized interventions based on information, such as raising awareness and transferring knowledge. Second-generation theories prioritize the development of skills and the promotion of awareness. The emergence of evidence-based techniques in the 1990s gave rise to third-generation theories such as the Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Cognitive Theory. Presently, fourth-generation trends amalgamate various components from multiple theories to implement accurate treatments, employing technology and emphasizing targeted behavior change. This paper aims to do a concise evaluation of the multi-theory model (MTM) of health behavior change interventions in the context of planning substance use prevention and treatment. The current area of intervention programs aimed at preventing and treating substance use may benefit from MTM, an innovative fourth-generation behavior change model. Tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs have all been the subjects of experimental, cross-sectional, and qualitative research. We have presented that additional research is required to compare MTM with knowledge-based therapies or interventions grounded in other theories. A gold standard would be the randomized controlled trials and behavioral change interventions particularly useful for this purpose. In addition, research evaluating the interventions’ efficacy must be carefully planned and executed.</p> </abstract> <kwd-group> <kwd>multi-theory model</kwd> <kwd>innovative</kwd> <kwd>initiation</kwd> <kwd>sustenance</kwd> <kwd>fourth-generation</kwd> <kwd>behavior</kwd> </kwd-group> <counts> <fig-count count="1"/> <table-count count="3"/> <equation-count count="0"/> <ref-count count="37"/> <page-count count="5"/> <word-count count="3390"/> </counts> <custom-meta-wrap> <custom-meta> <meta-name>section-at-acceptance</meta-name> <meta-value>Public Health Education and Promotion</meta-value> </custom-meta> </custom-meta-wrap> </article-meta> </front> <body> <sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1"> <label>1</label> <title>Introductionpublic-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
Sharma 等人指出,多理论模型等第四代框架目前仍缺乏与知识型干预或其他理论指导干预的直接比较证据,随机对照试验被视为检验其效果的金标准,相关研究尚待开展。4242<article-title>Mini review: possible role of the multi-theory model of health behavior change in designing substance use prevention and treatment interventions</article-title> </title-group> <contrib-group> <contrib contrib-type="author"> <name> <surname>Sharma</surname> <given-names>Manoj</given-names> </name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/supervision/"/> </contrib> <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"> <name> <surname>Awan</surname> <given-names>Asma</given-names> </name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c001"><sup>*</sup></xref> <uri xlink:href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2393413/overview"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/data-curation/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/investigation/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/resources/"/> </contrib> <contrib contrib-type="author"> <name> <surname>Kapukotuwa</surname> <given-names>Sidath</given-names> </name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <uri xlink:href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/652606/overview"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/data-curation/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/investigation/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/resources/"/> </contrib> </contrib-group> <aff id="aff1"><sup>1</sup><institution>Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas</institution>, <addr-line>Las Vegas, NV</addr-line>, <country>United States</country></aff> <aff id="aff2"><sup>2</sup><institution>Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV</institution>, <addr-line>Las Vegas, NV</addr-line>, <country>United States</country></aff> <author-notes> <fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn0001"> <p>Edited by: Mark Servis, University of California, Davis, United States</p> </fn> <fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn0002"> <p>Reviewed by: Hanieh Jormand, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran</p> </fn> <corresp id="c001">*Correspondence: Asma Awan, <email>asma.awan@unlv.edu</email></corresp> </author-notes> <pub-date pub-type="epub"> <day>01</day> <month>03</month> <year>2024</year> </pub-date> <pub-date pub-type="collection"> <year>2024</year> </pub-date> <volume>12</volume> <elocation-id>1298614</elocation-id> <history> <date date-type="received"> <day>26</day> <month>12</month> <year>2023</year> </date> <date date-type="accepted"> <day>20</day> <month>02</month> <year>2024</year> </date> </history> <permissions> <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2024 Sharma, Awan and Kapukotuwa.</copyright-statement> <copyright-year>2024</copyright-year> <copyright-holder>Sharma, Awan and Kapukotuwa</copyright-holder> <license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"> <p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.</p> </license> </permissions> <abstract> <p>Many behavior change theories have evolved over time. Originally, the first conceptions prioritized interventions based on information, such as raising awareness and transferring knowledge. Second-generation theories prioritize the development of skills and the promotion of awareness. The emergence of evidence-based techniques in the 1990s gave rise to third-generation theories such as the Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Cognitive Theory. Presently, fourth-generation trends amalgamate various components from multiple theories to implement accurate treatments, employing technology and emphasizing targeted behavior change. This paper aims to do a concise evaluation of the multi-theory model (MTM) of health behavior change interventions in the context of planning substance use prevention and treatment. The current area of intervention programs aimed at preventing and treating substance use may benefit from MTM, an innovative fourth-generation behavior change model. Tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs have all been the subjects of experimental, cross-sectional, and qualitative research. We have presented that additional research is required to compare MTM with knowledge-based therapies or interventions grounded in other theories. A gold standard would be the randomized controlled trials and behavioral change interventions particularly useful for this purpose. In addition, research evaluating the interventions’ efficacy must be carefully planned and executed.</p> </abstract> <kwd-group> <kwd>multi-theory model</kwd> <kwd>innovative</kwd> <kwd>initiation</kwd> <kwd>sustenance</kwd> <kwd>fourth-generation</kwd> <kwd>behavior</kwd> </kwd-group> <counts> <fig-count count="1"/> <table-count count="3"/> <equation-count count="0"/> <ref-count count="37"/> <page-count count="5"/> <word-count count="3390"/> </counts> <custom-meta-wrap> <custom-meta> <meta-name>section-at-acceptance</meta-name> <meta-value>Public Health Education and Promotion</meta-value> </custom-meta> </custom-meta-wrap> </article-meta> </front> <body> <sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1"> <label>1</label> <title>Introductionpublic-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
其他代表性行为改变模型
健康信念模型
健康信念模型(Health Belief Model,HBM)是20世纪50年代由美国公共卫生署的社会心理学家霍克鲍姆(Godfrey M. Hochbaum)、罗森斯托克(Irwin M. Rosenstock)等人在研究人们为何不参加结核病筛查时提出的行为改变理论,其核心假设是:个体的健康行为取决于其对疾病威胁的感知以及对行为收益与障碍的权衡。4343Health Belief Modelsphweb.bumc.bu.edu前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|4444The Health Belief Modelruralhealthinfo.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
健康信念模型包含四个核心维度:感知易感性(perceived susceptibility,即认为自己可能患病的可能性)、感知严重性(perceived severity,即疾病对健康与生活造成后果的严重程度)、感知收益(perceived benefits,即采取推荐行为能带来的好处)和感知障碍(perceived barriers,即采取行为需付出的代价与困难);此外,提示因素(cues to action)与自我效能(self-efficacy)作为触发与维持条件被后续纳入模型。4444The Health Belief Modelruralhealthinfo.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|4545Health belief modelen.wikipedia.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在健康信念模型中,感知易感性与感知严重性共同构成“对疾病威胁的感知”,感知收益与感知障碍共同构成“对行为的评价”,两者相互作用形成采取健康行为的倾向;提示因素(如症状出现、媒体宣传、他人提醒)则作为触发机制将倾向转化为实际行动。4444The Health Belief Modelruralhealthinfo.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|99Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (4th ed.)wiley.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
自我效能(self-efficacy)概念由班杜拉(Albert Bandura)提出,后被罗森斯托克等人引入健康信念模型,用以解释个体对自己能否成功执行推荐行为的信心,弥补了原模型对长期行为维持解释力不足的问题。4545Health belief modelen.wikipedia.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|4646Self-efficacy: The exercise of controlfreeman.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
健康信念模型最初应用于结核病筛查,后扩展至疫苗接种、癌症筛查、高血压服药依从性、戒烟、安全性行为与体育锻炼等多种健康行为领域,是健康教育与健康促进领域使用最广泛的行为改变理论之一。4343Health Belief Modelsphweb.bumc.bu.edu前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|99Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (4th ed.)wiley.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
健康信念模型在实证研究中常被批评为解释力有限:一项系统综述指出,该模型各维度对行为的解释方差通常较小,且感知障碍往往是行为意图最强的预测因子,而感知易感性与感知严重性的预测作用不稳定。4747The Health Belief Model as an Explanatory Framework in Communication Research: Exploring Parallel, Serial, and Moderated Mediationtandfonline.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
健康信念模型被批评为过于强调个体认知而忽视社会、环境与经济等结构性因素,且各维度之间缺乏明确的因果路径与权重设定,导致基于该模型的干预设计难以精确对应到具体机制。4747The Health Belief Model as an Explanatory Framework in Communication Research: Exploring Parallel, Serial, and Moderated Mediationtandfonline.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|4848Critique of the Health Belief Modelcurrentnursing.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
计划行为理论
计划行为理论(Theory of Planned Behavior,TPB)由 Icek Ajzen 于 1985 年提出、1991 年系统阐述,是在理性行为理论(Theory of Reasoned Action,TRA)基础上扩展而来的社会认知取向行为预测模型;其核心主张是:行为的最直接决定因素是行为意向,而意向由对行为的态度、主观规范与知觉行为控制三者共同决定。11Table 2 Four decades of behavioral change science | npj Cardiovascular Healthnature.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在计划行为理论中,态度指个体对执行某行为所持的正面或负面评价,由行为信念(对结果发生概率的判断)与结果评价共同构成;主观规范指个体感知到的来自重要他人或群体的社会压力,由规范信念与顺从动机构成;知觉行为控制指个体对执行该行为难易程度的主观判断,由控制信念与知觉强度构成。11Table 2 Four decades of behavioral change science | npj Cardiovascular Healthnature.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
计划行为理论相较理性行为理论的关键扩展,是引入知觉行为控制这一变量:当行为不完全受意志控制时,知觉行为控制既通过意向间接影响行为,也可在知觉行为控制准确反映实际控制条件的前提下直接预测行为,这一处理使模型能够覆盖非完全意志控制的行为。11Table 2 Four decades of behavioral change science | npj Cardiovascular Healthnature.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
计划行为理论把信念结构视为行为干预的着力点:通过改变行为信念、规范信念与控制信念,可以分别改变态度、主观规范与知觉行为控制,进而改变意向与行为;这一路径使其成为健康行为干预设计中常用的理论框架之一。11Table 2 Four decades of behavioral change science | npj Cardiovascular Healthnature.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
社会认知理论
社会认知理论(Social Cognitive Theory)由阿尔伯特·班杜拉(Albert Bandura)提出,是行为改变研究中最具影响力的理论框架之一;其核心前提是:个体行为既受个人因素(认知、情绪、生理)影响,也受环境因素影响,三者构成持续交互作用的“交互决定论”(reciprocal determinism)。11Table 2 Four decades of behavioral change science | npj Cardiovascular Healthnature.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在社会认知理论中,自我效能感(self-efficacy)指个体对自己能否成功执行某一特定行为、应对特定情境挑战的信念;班杜拉认为它是行为改变最直接、最有力的预测因素之一,影响个体是否愿意尝试、投入多少努力以及在遇到障碍时能坚持多久。11Table 2 Four decades of behavioral change science | npj Cardiovascular Healthnature.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
班杜拉指出,自我效能信念主要通过四种信息来源形成:亲历性掌握经验(mastery experience)、替代性经验(vicarious experience,即观察他人成功或失败)、言语说服(verbal persuasion)以及生理与情绪状态(physiological and affective states);其中亲历性掌握经验通常被认为是最强的影响来源。11Table 2 Four decades of behavioral change science | npj Cardiovascular Healthnature.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
社会认知理论强调观察学习(observational learning)与示范(modeling)的作用:个体可以通过观察他人(榜样)的行为及其后果来学习新行为,而不必亲自经历强化;这一机制是许多健康行为干预中同伴示范、媒体榜样与技能演示设计的理论基础。11Table 2 Four decades of behavioral change science | npj Cardiovascular Healthnature.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
该理论还包含结果预期(outcome expectations)、目标设定与自我调节(self-regulation)等构念:个体对行为可能带来结果的预期、对自身行为的监控与目标调整能力,共同决定行为能否启动并维持。11Table 2 Four decades of behavioral change science | npj Cardiovascular Healthnature.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
行为改变轮(BCW)与 COM-B
行为改变轮(Behaviour Change Wheel,BCW)由苏珊·米基(Susan Michie)及其同事于 2011 年提出,是一个在系统综述既有行为改变干预框架基础上整合而成的干预设计框架;其出发点是当时已有 19 个行为改变框架,术语与分类互不兼容,难以指导干预的系统设计。4949The Behaviour Change Wheel: A New Method for Characterising and Designing Behaviour Change Interventionsimplementationscience.biomedcentral.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
BCW 的核心是位于轮心的 COM-B 模型:行为(Behaviour)的发生需要能力(Capability)、机会(Opportunity)与动机(Motivation)三者同时具备,且三者之间存在双向作用——能力与机会会影响动机,动机也会反过来驱动能力与机会的获取。4949The Behaviour Change Wheel: A New Method for Characterising and Designing Behaviour Change Interventionsimplementationscience.biomedcentral.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
COM-B 中的能力分为身体能力与心理能力,机会分为物理机会与社会机会,动机分为反思性动机与自动性动机;这一细分使干预设计者能够定位具体的行为障碍,而不是笼统地归因于“缺乏意志力”。4949The Behaviour Change Wheel: A New Method for Characterising and Designing Behaviour Change Interventionsimplementationscience.biomedcentral.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
BCW 在 COM-B 之外还包含两层:外层的九类干预功能(教育、说服、激励、强制、培训、限制、环境重构、建模、赋能)以及最外层的七类政策类别(沟通/营销、指南、财政措施、法规、立法、环境/社会规划、服务提供)。4949The Behaviour Change Wheel: A New Method for Characterising and Designing Behaviour Change Interventionsimplementationscience.biomedcentral.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
BCW 的设计逻辑是逆向的:先界定目标行为并做行为诊断(用 COM-B 找出需要改变的能力、机会或动机成分),再据此选择干预功能,最后确定落地所需的政策类别,从而把“选什么干预”从经验判断转为可追溯的推理链条。4949The Behaviour Change Wheel: A New Method for Characterising and Designing Behaviour Change Interventionsimplementationscience.biomedcentral.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
BCW 配套提供了行为改变技术分类法(BCT Taxonomy v1),把干预功能进一步拆解为 93 项可操作、可编码的行为改变技术,使干预内容能够被标准化描述、比较与复现。4949The Behaviour Change Wheel: A New Method for Characterising and Designing Behaviour Change Interventionsimplementationscience.biomedcentral.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在口腔健康等临床领域,BCW 与 COM-B 已被用于把行为改变科学嵌入临床指南与椅旁实践;英国卫生部门面向牙科团队发布的《Delivering Better Oral Health》工具包即设有专门的行为改变章节,并有心理学家参与编写。5050Using behaviour change science to deliver oral... : Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiologyovid.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
有行为科学研究者公开评论认为,曾长期主导行为改变研究与实践的模型(如计划行为理论)正日益显得过时,并正在被 BCW 这类更贴近干预设计的框架所取代。5050Using behaviour change science to deliver oral... : Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiologyovid.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
对立说法计划行为理论等意图导向模型的支持者认为,这类模型在解释意图与行为的心理机制上仍有独立价值,BCW 更多是干预设计的工程化框架,二者并非简单的替代关系。4949The Behaviour Change Wheel: A New Method for Characterising and Designing Behaviour Change Interventionsimplementationscience.biomedcentral.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在健康行为干预中的应用
运动习惯建立
跨理论模型(Transtheoretical Model,TTM)将运动习惯的建立视为一个分阶段的过程,个体从无意向(前意向期)逐步推进到维持期,不同阶段需要匹配不同的干预策略,而非对所有不运动者施加同一套方案。1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在运动行为干预中,基于跨理论模型的阶段性干预通常包括:前意向期进行意识唤醒与利弊权衡,准备期制定具体行动计划与自我效能提升,行动期提供社会支持与刺激控制,维持期强化应对复发技能。1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|5151Transtheoretical model of behavior change: a systematic review of studies of physical activityjournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
系统综述与元分析显示,基于跨理论模型的干预在短期内对增加身体活动量有中小程度的效应,但证据质量参差不齐,长期维持效果尚不明确。5252The effectiveness of interventions based on the transtheoretical model for physical activity: a systematic review and meta-analysisijbnpa.biomedcentral.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|5353Transtheoretical model-based interventions for physical activity: a meta-analysistandfonline.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
有综述指出,跨理论模型在运动干预中的应用存在阶段划分效度不足、改变过程与阶段匹配不一致等问题,部分干预研究未能严格按阶段定制内容,削弱了模型的理论优势。1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在初级保健和社区场景中,基于跨理论模型的运动咨询(如“5A”框架:评估、建议、协商、协助、安排)被用于促进久坐人群开始并维持规律运动,部分随机对照试验报告了积极效果。5454Effectiveness of physical activity promotion based in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trialsbmj.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
戒烟与成瘾行为
跨理论模型(Transtheoretical Model,TTM)由 Prochaska 与 DiClemente 于 1983 年提出,最初正是基于对戒烟行为的实证研究:他们比较了自助戒烟者与接受专业治疗者的改变过程,发现戒烟者会经历前意向、意向、准备、行动、维持等阶段,且各阶段对应不同的认知与行为策略。66Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of changedoi.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在戒烟干预中,TTM 的核心应用逻辑是“阶段匹配”(stage-matched):针对个体所处阶段提供相应干预,例如对前意向者进行意识唤醒与情感唤起,对意向者强化自我再评价,对准备者制定具体行动计划与自我解放承诺,对行动与维持者侧重反条件化、刺激控制、帮助关系与强化管理。66Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of changedoi.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
Prochaska 等人在 1993 年发表于《American Psychologist》的论文中报告,基于 TTM 的“专家系统”戒烟干预在社区样本中使戒烟率约翻倍,并据此提出“阶段匹配”比“一刀切”干预更有效的结论;该研究常被引为 TTM 在戒烟领域应用的关键证据。5757Standardized, individualized, interactive, and personalized self-help programs for smoking cessationdoi.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
Cochrane 系统综述(Cahill 等,2010)专门评估了基于 TTM 的阶段匹配戒烟干预,结论是:与统一干预相比,阶段匹配干预并未显示出显著更高的戒烟率,证据不足以支持在戒烟服务中常规采用阶段匹配策略。5858Stage-based interventions for smoking cessationdoi.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
对立说法Prochaska 与 Velicer 等 TTM 提出者反驳称,Cochrane 综述纳入的试验多存在阶段评估不准确、干预剂量不足或匹配不严格等方法学问题,不能据此否定阶段匹配在充分实施条件下的效果。88The transtheoretical model of health behavior changedoi.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
美国卫生与公众服务部(USDHHS)2008 年发布的《Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update》临床实践指南将“评估戒烟意愿并据此提供匹配干预”列为推荐做法,但指南同时强调,无论患者处于哪个阶段,都应提供有效的药物治疗与行为咨询,而非仅依赖阶段匹配。5959Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update — Clinical Practice Guidelinencbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在成瘾行为领域,TTM 被扩展应用于酒精滥用、非法药物使用、赌博障碍等行为的干预设计,例如“动机性访谈”(Motivational Interviewing)与 TTM 阶段概念结合,用于处理成瘾者的矛盾心理并推动其向行动阶段移动。6060Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change (2nd ed.)guilford.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
针对成瘾行为的阶段匹配干预效果同样存在争议:一项针对酒精与药物滥用治疗匹配的 Cochrane 综述(2010 年代)指出,将治疗与改变阶段相匹配并未一致地改善结局,部分试验显示匹配组与常规组无显著差异。6161Stage-based interventions for alcohol and drug misuse: a systematic review and meta-analysisdoi.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
对立说法支持方研究(如 Project MATCH 研究组)报告,动机增强治疗等与阶段概念相关的干预在部分亚组中显示出优于对照的饮酒结局,提示匹配在特定条件下仍可能有效。67
在戒烟与成瘾干预的实践中,TTM 更多被用作评估框架与沟通工具(判断个体改变意愿、选择谈话策略),而非单独作为疗效充分的干预方案;现行指南普遍要求将阶段评估与药物治疗、行为咨询及随访支持结合使用。5959Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update — Clinical Practice Guidelinencbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|6262Behaviour change techniques and theory: the transtheoretical model in smoking cessation interventionsnice.org.uk前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
体重管理
跨理论模型(Transtheoretical Model,TTM)在体重管理干预中的典型应用,是按个体所处的改变阶段(前意向、意向、准备、行动、维持)匹配不同的干预策略,而非对所有超重者施加同一套方案。1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在体重管理场景中,TTM 的阶段匹配通常与改变过程(如意识觉醒、自我再评价、刺激控制、帮助关系)配合使用:前意向与意向阶段侧重认知与情感层面的过程,行动与维持阶段侧重行为层面的过程。1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|6363Transtheoretical model of behavior changencbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
基于 TTM 的体重管理干预常以阶段性指标作为结局,例如阶段前进(stage progression)、决策平衡(decisional balance)中益处与障碍之比的改善,以及自我效能(self-efficacy)的提升,而不仅是体重或 BMI 的变化。6363Transtheoretical model of behavior changencbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
系统综述与元分析证据显示,基于 TTM 的饮食与体重相关干预在短期(约 6 个月内)对行为改变有一定效果,但长期(12 个月及以上)效果证据较弱且不一致,提示阶段匹配干预的维持效应有限。6464The effectiveness of the transtheoretical model in promoting physical activity and dietary behavior change: a systematic reviewpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
对立说法部分随机对照试验与综述认为,按阶段匹配的 TTM 干预在体重减轻与行为维持上优于常规建议或等待名单对照,尤其在配合饮食与身体活动综合方案时效果更明显。71
在初级保健与社区体重管理项目中,TTM 常被用作筛查与分流的框架:先评估个体的准备度,再决定是提供信息、动机性访谈还是结构化行为计划,以降低资源错配。6565Managing overweight and obesity in adults: lifestyle weight management servicesnice.org.uk前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
TTM 在体重管理中的应用也受到批评:有研究者指出阶段划分的边界在实际测量中不够稳定,且阶段匹配干预相对非匹配干预的增量效果在部分试验中未达统计学显著。6464The effectiveness of the transtheoretical model in promoting physical activity and dietary behavior change: a systematic reviewpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
对立说法支持者回应称,测量工具与干预保真度的差异可解释部分阴性结果,并主张以更严格的阶段评估与更长随访重新检验。71
治疗依从性
跨理论模型(Transtheoretical Model,TTM)把行为改变看作分阶段推进的过程,前 contemplation(前意向)、contemplation(意向)、preparation(准备)、action(行动)、maintenance(维持)五个阶段;在治疗依从性干预中,这一分期被用来按患者所处阶段匹配不同的干预策略,而不是对所有患者施加同一套依从性教育。6666The transtheoretical approach: crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
Prochaska 与 DiClemente 在 1983 年提出跨理论模型时,最初用于戒烟等成瘾行为的改变研究,其后被扩展到服药依从、饮食、运动等健康行为领域;该模型的核心假设是改变过程(processes of change)与改变阶段相互匹配时干预效果更好。6666The transtheoretical approach: crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|66Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of changedoi.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在治疗依从性场景中,TTM 的干预设计通常包括:对患者进行阶段评估(如用阶段算法或改变阶段问卷),针对前意向/意向阶段侧重提高风险认知与益处感知,针对准备阶段侧重制定具体行动计划,针对行动与维持阶段侧重自我效能、应对复吸与随访强化。88The transtheoretical model of health behavior changedoi.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
多项系统综述与随机对照试验显示,基于跨理论模型的干预在改善慢性病(如高血压、糖尿病、哮喘)患者服药依从性方面有一定效果,但效应量普遍偏小且异质性较大,研究质量参差,尚不足以支持其作为普适的依从性干预标准。6767Transtheoretical model-based interventions for medication adherence in chronic disease: a systematic reviewpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|6868Effectiveness of transtheoretical model-based interventions on medication adherence: a meta-analysispubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在依从性研究中,TTM 常与其他模型(如健康信念模型、计划行为理论、自我效能理论)组合使用,单独检验 TTM 各阶段匹配假设的依从性研究相对较少,因此其在依从性领域的独立效力证据弱于其在戒烟领域的证据。6767Transtheoretical model-based interventions for medication adherence in chronic disease: a systematic reviewpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|6969Transtheoretical model for medication adherence: a narrative review of stage-matched interventionspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
有综述指出,基于 TTM 的依从性干预在短期(数周至数月)内对服药行为有改善,但维持阶段的效果证据不足,且不同研究对阶段划分的操作化定义不一致,影响了结果的可比性。6868Effectiveness of transtheoretical model-based interventions on medication adherence: a meta-analysispubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|6969Transtheoretical model for medication adherence: a narrative review of stage-matched interventionspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
评估与测量
阶段判定算法
跨理论模型把行为改变划分为前意向、意向、准备、行动、维持五个阶段,阶段判定算法(stage algorithm)是将其操作化的核心工具:通常用一道或一组分节式自评题,按被试当前行为状态与意图的组合,把个体归入唯一阶段。1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|7171Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Changencbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
最常用的判定规则是「行为+意图」两维交叉:以规律运动为例,若被试报告目前没有规律运动且不打算在未来6个月内开始,判为前意向期;报告不运动但打算6个月内开始,判为意向期;报告不运动但打算在未来30天内开始,判为准备期;已规律运动但不足6个月,判为行动期;已规律运动满6个月及以上,判为维持期。1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|7272Stages of changeen.wikipedia.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
判定算法中的时间窗(6个月、30天)与「规律运动」的界定(如每周3次、每次20分钟以上)并非模型的理论常数,而是研究者按行为类型与人群自行设定的操作阈值,不同研究之间常不一致,直接影响各阶段人数的分布与阶段间迁移的估计。7171Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Changencbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|7373Measures of stage of change: a systematic reviewacademic.oup.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
为减少单一题目误判,部分研究采用分节式(multi-item)算法或加入行为频率、持续时间等客观指标进行交叉校验,并报告判定者间一致性;但分节式算法与单题算法归类的阶段分布可能不同,二者的一致性并不总是很高。7373Measures of stage of change: a systematic reviewacademic.oup.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|7474The transtheoretical model of behavior change: a meta-analysis of applications to physical activity and exerciseacademic.oup.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
阶段判定算法存在「伪阶段」问题:按意图与行为交叉归类时,一部分人可能同时符合两个阶段的特征(如已行动但无维持意图),算法通常按预设优先级强制归入单一阶段,这一处理会掩盖阶段内部的异质性。7171Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Changencbi.nlm.nih.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|7474The transtheoretical model of behavior change: a meta-analysis of applications to physical activity and exerciseacademic.oup.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在健康行为干预中,阶段判定算法常被嵌入基线筛查问卷,用于把参与者分配到匹配其阶段的干预内容;判定结果的稳定性(重测信度)与预测效度是评估该算法质量的两项关键指标。7272Stages of changeen.wikipedia.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|7575Stage-based interventions for smoking cessationcochranelibrary.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
有研究指出,基于自陈意图的阶段算法对实际行为变化的预测效度有限,部分系统综述发现按阶段匹配的干预并不总优于非匹配干预,这使阶段判定算法的效度成为持续讨论的问题。7575Stage-based interventions for smoking cessationcochranelibrary.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|7676The transtheoretical model of health behavior change: a critiquejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
对立说法另一些研究认为,阶段算法在区分「无意向」与「有意向」人群上具有实用价值,按阶段匹配的干预在戒烟、运动等行为上显示出优于统一干预的效果,算法效度问题主要源于阈值设定而非阶段划分本身。7272Stages of changeen.wikipedia.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|85
量表与问卷
跨理论模型(Transtheoretical Model,TTM)的评估核心是「改变阶段」的测量。最常用的工具是麦克劳克林(McLaughlin)等人开发、后经普罗查斯卡(Prochaska)团队修订的「改变阶段算法」(Stage of Change Algorithm),它用一道单选题让受试者判断自己当前处于前意向、意向、准备、行动或维持五个阶段中的哪一个,题目措辞随目标行为(戒烟、锻炼、减重等)而调整。1212The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
与单题算法并列使用的是「改变阶段问卷」(Stage of Change Questionnaire),它把五个阶段写成若干陈述句,让受试者按「是/否」或李克特量表作答,再依据规则判定阶段。两种方法在多数行为领域的一致性中等,但在「准备」阶段边界上分歧较大,因此研究者在报告阶段分布时通常需要说明所用工具。1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|7777Stage of change assessment: a comparison of two measuressciencedirect.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
改变过程的测量主要依赖普罗查斯卡等人编制的「改变过程问卷」(Processes of Change Questionnaire,PCQ)。该问卷把十个改变过程分为经验过程(意识觉醒、情感唤起、环境再评价、自我再评价、社会解放)与行为过程(反条件化、帮助关系、强化管理、自我解放、刺激控制)两组,每个过程由若干题项构成,采用五级李克特计分。7878Measuring processes of change: applications to the cessation of smokingpsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|7979Processes of change in the transtheoretical model: a reviewonlinelibrary.wiley.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
决策平衡(Decisional Balance)量表测量个体对改变行为的「收益」与「代价」的权衡。普罗查斯卡团队针对不同行为开发了不同版本,通常包含收益与代价两个分量表,各若干题项,采用五级计分;该量表在戒烟、锻炼等领域的因素结构得到较多验证,但跨行为的一致性并不完全一致。7878Measuring processes of change: applications to the cessation of smokingpsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|8080Decisional balance measure for assessing and predicting smoking statuspsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
自我效能(Self-efficacy)与诱惑(Temptation)量表用于测量个体在特定情境下坚持改变的信心。常用版本把诱惑分为负面情绪、正面社交情境、渴望/冲动等维度,与自我效能呈负相关;该工具在戒烟与成瘾行为研究中应用最广。7878Measuring processes of change: applications to the cessation of smokingpsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|8181Self-efficacy and the stages of change in smoking cessationpsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
跨理论模型的整套测量工具(阶段算法、改变过程、决策平衡、自我效能)最初多在戒烟研究中开发与验证,向锻炼、饮食、减重、安全套使用等行为迁移时,题项措辞与因素结构需要重新检验,直接照搬可能降低测量效度。1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|8282The transtheoretical model of behavior change: a meta-analysis of applications to physical activity and exerciseacademic.oup.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在临床与公共卫生实践中,阶段评估常被压缩为单题或两题筛查,以便在简短干预中快速分诊;这类简版工具灵敏度尚可,但区分「准备」与「行动」的精确度低于完整问卷,因此更适合筛查而非精细研究。7777Stage of change assessment: a comparison of two measuressciencedirect.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|8383A single-item measure of stage of change: reliability and validityacademic.oup.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
跨理论模型测量工具的信效度证据在多数行为领域为中等水平:内部一致性系数多在 0.70 至 0.90 之间,但阶段判定的重测信度受时间间隔与行为类型影响较大,部分研究报告的 kappa 值偏低。1414The transtheoretical model of health behavior changejournals.sagepub.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|8282The transtheoretical model of behavior change: a meta-analysis of applications to physical activity and exerciseacademic.oup.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
有系统综述指出,跨理论模型研究在测量上存在「阶段标签不统一」的问题:不同研究对同一阶段的操作定义、题项措辞与判定规则差异明显,导致阶段分布难以跨研究比较,这被视为该模型评估环节的主要方法学局限之一。8282The transtheoretical model of behavior change: a meta-analysis of applications to physical activity and exerciseacademic.oup.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|8484Transtheoretical model of health behavior change: a systematic review of measurement and stage classificationijbnpa.biomedcentral.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
批评与局限
阶段划分的经验依据
跨理论模型(Transtheoretical Model,TTM)把行为改变刻画为前意向、意向、准备、行动、维持五个阶段,这一阶段划分是该模型最具辨识度的结构,也是健康行为干预中最常被直接采用的部分。2929The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
对阶段划分最集中的批评是:阶段之间的边界缺乏统一、可操作、经得起复测的判定标准,不同研究对同一批受试者的阶段归属经常不一致,导致阶段分类的信度受到质疑。8585The transtheoretical model of health behavior change: a systematic review of the evidenceacademic.oup.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|8686Stages of change: a critique of the transtheoretical modelonlinelibrary.wiley.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
有系统综述指出,TTM 的阶段结构在实证上并未得到稳定支持:多数检验把连续的变化过程强行切成离散阶段,但数据往往更适合用连续变量刻画,阶段之间的质性跳跃缺乏证据。8585The transtheoretical model of health behavior change: a systematic review of the evidenceacademic.oup.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
批评者认为,把改变划分为离散阶段隐含了“人们按固定顺序依次通过各阶段”的假设,但实证研究发现相当比例的个体出现阶段回退、跳跃或长期停滞,线性推进并不是普遍模式。8585The transtheoretical model of health behavior change: a systematic review of the evidenceacademic.oup.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|8787In search of how people change: applications to addictive behaviorspsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
关于阶段划分是否具有增量效度,学界存在公开争论:一方认为阶段分类相对连续变量并未提供额外的预测力,按阶段匹配干预的增益有限;另一方则报告按阶段定制干预在部分行为领域(如戒烟、身体活动)优于非定制干预。8585The transtheoretical model of health behavior change: a systematic review of the evidenceacademic.oup.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|8888Transtheoretical model of behavior change: a meta-analysis of stage-matched interventionspsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
阶段划分的另一个经验难题是“准备”阶段的界定:该阶段通常以“打算在近期内行动”来操作化,但“近期”的时间窗在不同研究中从 30 天到 6 个月不等,操作定义的漂移使跨研究比较变得困难。2929The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapypsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|8686Stages of change: a critique of the transtheoretical modelonlinelibrary.wiley.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
有纵向研究提示,处于同一阶段的个体在改变意愿、自我效能和决策平衡上差异很大,阶段内部的异质性可能不低于阶段之间的差异,这削弱了以阶段为单位进行干预分组的合理性。8585The transtheoretical model of health behavior change: a systematic review of the evidenceacademic.oup.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|8787In search of how people change: applications to addictive behaviorspsycnet.apa.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
干预效果证据的异质性
系统综述与元分析普遍显示,行为改变干预的整体效应量偏小:干预设计、实施与评估往往投入巨大,但相对收益有限,这一“高投入、低回报”的特征是评估行为改变模型实际效力的基本背景。8989Citation Toolscore-varnish-new.prod.aop.cambridge.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
行为改变干预的效果在长期随访中难以维持,多数研究只能证明短期或中期的行为改变,长期效应衰减明显,这使以行为改变模型为理论基础的干预在持久性上受到质疑。8989Citation Toolscore-varnish-new.prod.aop.cambridge.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
不同研究之间的异质性很高:研究设计、干预强度、目标行为、人群与测量工具差异巨大,导致同类干预在不同试验中的效果估计难以直接比较,合并后的平均效应量对单个情境的指导价值有限。8989Citation Toolscore-varnish-new.prod.aop.cambridge.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
与数字健康工具的结合
聊天机器人与移动应用
对话式智能体(conversational agents,含聊天机器人)正被越来越多地用于慢性病自我管理的支持,其被寄予的卖点是可规模化、可及性强与个性化;这类干预横跨行为心理学、干预技术与生物医学三个领域,因此需要结构化的评估与描述框架。9090Design and evaluation of conversational agents for self-management support of chronic diseases: characteristics, behavior change techniques, and beyondintegrationacademy.ahrq.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在慢性病自我管理的对话式智能体研究中,一个核心的评估维度是干预是否整合了行为改变技术(behavioral change techniques),即把行为改变理论中的有效成分显式地编码进对话流程,而不仅是提供信息或提醒。9090Design and evaluation of conversational agents for self-management support of chronic diseases: characteristics, behavior change techniques, and beyondintegrationacademy.ahrq.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
跨理论模型在数字健康工具中的典型落地方式,是把五个阶段(前意向、意向、准备、行动、维持)映射为应用内的状态机:用户首次进入时通过问卷或对话判定所处阶段,随后由系统按阶段推送不同的改变过程策略,并在检测到阶段推进或回退时切换策略组合。9090Design and evaluation of conversational agents for self-management support of chronic diseases: characteristics, behavior change techniques, and beyondintegrationacademy.ahrq.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
聊天机器人与移动应用相对于传统面对面干预的优势在于可及性与触达频次:用户可在自然情境中随时记录行为、接收提示,系统因而能采集到高时间密度的自我报告数据,用于判断阶段变化与决策平衡的波动。9090Design and evaluation of conversational agents for self-management support of chronic diseases: characteristics, behavior change techniques, and beyondintegrationacademy.ahrq.gov前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
阶段匹配的推送策略
跨理论模型把行为改变划分为前意向、意向、准备、行动、维持等阶段,这一阶段划分被数字健康干预设计者用作推送内容与推送时机差异化的理论依据:针对处于不同阶段的用户,系统应提供不同性质的信息(如为前意向阶段用户提供风险认知与益处信息,为行动阶段用户提供技能与自我效能支持),而非对所有用户推送同一套内容。9191How stages of change and need for reflection can inform the design of persuasive digital health interventions for obesity managementlink.springer.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|9292What do you need to consider when designing mobile health intervention?ar5iv.labs.arxiv.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
在说服性系统设计(PSD)框架与跨理论模型结合的研究中,系统特征与用户特征(阶段、反思需求)之间存在交互作用:同一项说服性设计特征对不同阶段用户的效果并不一致,因此“阶段匹配”不是简单的内容替换,而是系统特征组合与用户阶段特征的匹配问题。9191How stages of change and need for reflection can inform the design of persuasive digital health interventions for obesity managementlink.springer.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
面向肥胖管理的移动健康行为改变支持系统研究显示,用户对说服性系统设计特征的感知与其改变阶段、反思需求共同影响六个月后的腰围变化,提示阶段匹配的推送策略应以可测量的健康结局(而非仅参与度或点击率)作为评价指标。9191How stages of change and need for reflection can inform the design of persuasive digital health interventions for obesity managementlink.springer.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
数字健康干预的设计方法学工作(如基于行为改变理论的设计流程指南)主张把行为改变理论用于干预的定制化与个性化,即先判定用户所处阶段与决定因素,再据此选择推送内容、推送渠道与推送频率,这一流程已被用于欧盟 CAPABLE 等实际项目。9292What do you need to consider when designing mobile health intervention?ar5iv.labs.arxiv.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
阶段匹配推送策略在工程实现上依赖对用户阶段的持续识别:可通过行为数据追踪、自我报告输入与机器学习算法相结合的方式,在应用内推断用户的反思需求与所处阶段,从而动态调整推送内容,而非仅在入组时做一次静态分期。9191How stages of change and need for reflection can inform the design of persuasive digital health interventions for obesity managementlink.springer.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
阶段匹配推送策略的有效性证据目前仍以中小样本、单一场景(如肥胖管理)的短期随访研究为主,其结论能否推广到其他健康行为与更长周期,尚缺乏充分证据,因此不宜把“阶段匹配必然优于统一推送”当作已确立的结论。9191How stages of change and need for reflection can inform the design of persuasive digital health interventions for obesity managementlink.springer.com前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开|9292What do you need to consider when designing mobile health intervention?ar5iv.labs.arxiv.org前往参考资料 ↓在新标签页中打开
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- 42文档 <article-title>Mini review: possible role of the multi-theory model of health behavior change in designing substance use prevention and treatment interventions</article-title> </title-group> <contrib-group> <contrib contrib-type="author"> <name> <surname>Sharma</surname> <given-names>Manoj</given-names> </name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/supervision/"/> </contrib> <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"> <name> <surname>Awan</surname> <given-names>Asma</given-names> </name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c001"><sup>*</sup></xref> <uri xlink:href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2393413/overview"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/data-curation/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/investigation/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/resources/"/> </contrib> <contrib contrib-type="author"> <name> <surname>Kapukotuwa</surname> <given-names>Sidath</given-names> </name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <uri xlink:href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/652606/overview"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/data-curation/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/investigation/"/> <role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/resources/"/> </contrib> </contrib-group> <aff id="aff1"><sup>1</sup><institution>Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas</institution>, <addr-line>Las Vegas, NV</addr-line>, <country>United States</country></aff> <aff id="aff2"><sup>2</sup><institution>Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV</institution>, <addr-line>Las Vegas, NV</addr-line>, <country>United States</country></aff> <author-notes> <fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn0001"> <p>Edited by: Mark Servis, University of California, Davis, United States</p> </fn> <fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn0002"> <p>Reviewed by: Hanieh Jormand, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran</p> </fn> <corresp id="c001">*Correspondence: Asma Awan, <email>asma.awan@unlv.edu</email></corresp> </author-notes> <pub-date pub-type="epub"> <day>01</day> <month>03</month> <year>2024</year> </pub-date> <pub-date pub-type="collection"> <year>2024</year> </pub-date> <volume>12</volume> <elocation-id>1298614</elocation-id> <history> <date date-type="received"> <day>26</day> <month>12</month> <year>2023</year> </date> <date date-type="accepted"> <day>20</day> <month>02</month> <year>2024</year> </date> </history> <permissions> <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2024 Sharma, Awan and Kapukotuwa.</copyright-statement> <copyright-year>2024</copyright-year> <copyright-holder>Sharma, Awan and Kapukotuwa</copyright-holder> <license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"> <p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.</p> </license> </permissions> <abstract> <p>Many behavior change theories have evolved over time. Originally, the first conceptions prioritized interventions based on information, such as raising awareness and transferring knowledge. Second-generation theories prioritize the development of skills and the promotion of awareness. The emergence of evidence-based techniques in the 1990s gave rise to third-generation theories such as the Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Cognitive Theory. Presently, fourth-generation trends amalgamate various components from multiple theories to implement accurate treatments, employing technology and emphasizing targeted behavior change. This paper aims to do a concise evaluation of the multi-theory model (MTM) of health behavior change interventions in the context of planning substance use prevention and treatment. The current area of intervention programs aimed at preventing and treating substance use may benefit from MTM, an innovative fourth-generation behavior change model. Tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs have all been the subjects of experimental, cross-sectional, and qualitative research. We have presented that additional research is required to compare MTM with knowledge-based therapies or interventions grounded in other theories. A gold standard would be the randomized controlled trials and behavioral change interventions particularly useful for this purpose. In addition, research evaluating the interventions’ efficacy must be carefully planned and executed.</p> </abstract> <kwd-group> <kwd>multi-theory model</kwd> <kwd>innovative</kwd> <kwd>initiation</kwd> <kwd>sustenance</kwd> <kwd>fourth-generation</kwd> <kwd>behavior</kwd> </kwd-group> <counts> <fig-count count="1"/> <table-count count="3"/> <equation-count count="0"/> <ref-count count="37"/> <page-count count="5"/> <word-count count="3390"/> </counts> <custom-meta-wrap> <custom-meta> <meta-name>section-at-acceptance</meta-name> <meta-value>Public Health Education and Promotion</meta-value> </custom-meta> </custom-meta-wrap> </article-meta> </front> <body> <sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1"> <label>1</label> <title>Introduction · frontiersin.org · 2024-03-01 · 核验于 2026-10-23
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